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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Talmud Readers</i> by <a href="Adolf_Behrman" title="Adolf Behrman">Adolf Behrman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB">

Talmudic literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist">

<a href="Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaitic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li>

<li><a href="Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

<a href="Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraic</a> (<a href="Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a></li>

<li><a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Minor_tractate" title="Minor tractate">Minor Tractates</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB">

<a href="Midrash_halakha" title="Midrash halakha">Halakhic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist">

Exodus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael">Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael</a></li>

<li><a href="Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Shimon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai">Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

Leviticus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Sifra" title="Sifra">Sifra (Torat Kohanim)</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

Numbers and Deuteronomy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Sifre" title="Sifre">Sifre</a></li>

<li><a href="Sifri_Zutta" title="Sifri Zutta">Sifrei Zutta on Numbers</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Mekhilta_le-Sefer_Devarim" title="Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim">Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim</a>)</li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB">

<a href="Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist">

Tannaitic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Seder_Olam_Rabbah" title="Seder Olam Rabbah">Seder Olam Rabbah</a></li>

<li><a href="Alphabet_of_Rabbi_Akiva" title="Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva">Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Baraita_of_the_Forty-nine_Rules" title="Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules">Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules</a></li>

<li><a href="Baraita_on_the_Thirty-two_Rules" title="Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules">Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules</a></li>

<li><a href="Baraita_on_the_Erection_of_the_Tabernacle" title="Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle">Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

400–600 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesikta_de-Rav_Kahana" title="Pesikta de-Rav Kahana">Pesikta de-Rav Kahana</a></li>

<li><a href="Esther_Rabbah" title="Esther Rabbah">Esther Rabbah</a></li>

<li><a href="Midrash_Iyyob" title="Midrash Iyyob">Midrash Iyyob</a></li>

<li><a href="Leviticus_Rabbah" title="Leviticus Rabbah">Leviticus Rabbah</a></li>

<li><a href="Seder_Olam_Zutta" title="Seder Olam Zutta">Seder Olam Zutta</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanhuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhuma">Tanhuma</a></li>

<li><a href="Megillat_Antiochus" title="Megillat Antiochus">Megillat Antiochus</a></li></ul></td>

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650–900 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul>

<li><a href="Pirkei_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" title="Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanna_Devei_Eliyahu" title="Tanna Devei Eliyahu">Tanna Devei Eliyahu</a></li>

<li><a href="Alphabet_of_Sirach" title="Alphabet of Sirach">Alphabet of Sirach</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiastes_Rabbah" title="Ecclesiastes Rabbah">Ecclesiastes Rabbah</a></li>

<li><a href="Shir_HaShirim_Rabbah" title="Shir HaShirim Rabbah">Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a></li>

<li><a href="Deuteronomy_Rabbah" title="Deuteronomy Rabbah">Deuteronomy Rabbah</a></li>

<li>Devarim Zutta</li>

<li><a href="Pesikta_Rabbati" title="Pesikta Rabbati">Pesikta Rabbati</a></li>

<li><a href="Midrash_Shmuel_(aggadah)" title="Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)">Midrash Shmuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Midrash_Proverbs" title="Midrash Proverbs">Midrash Proverbs</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruth_Rabbah" title="Ruth Rabbah">Ruth Rabbah</a></li>

<li><a href="Baraita_of_Samuel" title="Baraita of Samuel">Baraita of Samuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

900–1000 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<li>Eichah Zuta</li>

<li><a href="Midrash_Tehillim" title="Midrash Tehillim">Midrash Tehillim</a></li>

<li><a href="Midrash_Hashkem" title="Midrash Hashkem">Midrash Hashkem</a></li>

<li><a href="Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a></li>

<li><a href="Shir_ha-Shirim_Zutta" title="Shir ha-Shirim Zutta">Shir ha-Shirim Zutta</a></li>

<li><a href="Iggeret_of_Rabbi_Sherira_Gaon" title="Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon">Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

1000–1200 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Midrash_Tadshe" title="Midrash Tadshe">Midrash Tadshe</a></li>

<li><a href="Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)" title="Sefer haYashar (midrash)">Sefer haYashar</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Yalkut_Shimoni" title="Yalkut Shimoni">Yalkut Shimoni</a></li>

<li><a href="Yalkut_haMachiri" title="Yalkut haMachiri">Yalkut haMachiri</a></li>

<li><a href="Midrash_Jonah" title="Midrash Jonah">Midrash Jonah</a></li>

<li><a href="Ein_Yaakov" title="Ein Yaakov">Ein Yaakov</a></li>

<li><a href="Midrash_HaGadol" title="Midrash HaGadol">Midrash HaGadol</a></li>

<li><a href="Numbers_Rabbah" title="Numbers Rabbah">Numbers Rabbah</a></li>

<li><a href="Smaller_midrashim" title="Smaller midrashim">Smaller midrashim</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB">

<a href="Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist">

<a href="Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a></li>

<li><a href="Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></li>

<li>Fragment Targum</li>

<li><a href="Targum_Neofiti" title="Targum Neofiti">Targum Neofiti</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Targum_Jonathan" title="Targum Jonathan">Targum Jonathan</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

<a href="Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li>Targum Tehillim</li>

<li>Targum Mishlei</li>

<li>Targum Iyyov</li>

<li>Targum to the Five Megillot</li>

<li><a href="Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a> to Esther</li>

<li>Targum to Chronicles</li></ul></td>

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<p><b>Avot of Rabbi Natan</b>, also known as <b>Avot de-Rabbi Nathan (ARN)</b> (<a href="Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic language">Jewish Babylonian Aramaic</a>: <span lang="tmr" dir="rtl">אבות דרבי נתן</span>), the first and longest of the <a href="Minor_tractates" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor tractates">minor tractates</a> of the <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, is a Jewish <a href="Aggadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggadic">aggadic</a> work probably compiled in the <a href="Geonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geonic">geonic</a> era (c.700–900 CE). It is a commentary on an early form of the <a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>. It has come down in two recensions (or versions): a standard printed edition, and a second published with 48 chapters by <a href="Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Solomon Schechter</a>, who designated the two recensions as A and B respectively.

</p><p>Despite being one of the <a href="Minor_tractate" title="Minor tractate">minor tractates</a>, it more greatly resembles a late <a href="Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a>. It may be technically designated as a homiletical exposition of the Mishnaic tractate <a href="Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a>, having for its foundation an older recension of that tractate. It also may be considered as a kind of <a href="Tosefta" title="Tosefta">tosefta</a> or <a href="Gemarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemarah">gemarah</a> to the Mishna Avot, which does not possess a traditional gemarah.

</p><p>ARN contains many teachings, proverbs, and incidents that are not found anywhere else in the early <a href="Rabbinical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical literature">rabbinical literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other rabbinical sayings appear in a more informal style than what is found in Pirkei Avot.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recensions">Recensions</h2></div>

<p>Touching its original form, its age, and its dependence on earlier or later recensions of the Mishnah, there are many opinions, all of which are discussed in <a href="S._Schechter" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Schechter">S. Schechter</a>'s introduction. There are two recensions of this work, one of which is usually printed with the <a href="Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> in the appendix to <i><a href="Nezikin" title="Nezikin">Seder Nezikin</a></i> [the sixteenth volume], preceding the so-called <a href="Minor_Treatises" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Treatises">Minor Treatises</a>, and another, which, until the late 19th century, existed in <a href="Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> only. In 1887 <a href="Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Solomon Schechter</a> published the two recensions in parallel columns, contributing to the edition a critical introduction and valuable notes. There were likely other recensions as well, since the medieval rabbis quote from other versions.

</p><p>In order to distinguish the two recensions, the one printed with the Talmud may be called <b>A</b>; and the other, <b>B</b>. The former is divided into forty-one chapters, and the latter into forty-eight. Schechter has proved that recension <b>B</b> is cited only by Spanish authors. <a href="Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> knows of recension <b>A</b> only.

</p><p>A Hebrew manuscript of <i>Avot de-Rabbi Nathan</i> is today housed at the <a href="Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> in Oxford, England, under the classification <i>MS Oxford (Bodleiana) Heb. c. 24</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBerner2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBerner2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <i>MS Parma (<a href="Palatine_Library_(Parma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Library (Parma)">Palatina</a>) 2785</i> (de Rossi 327; Uncastillo/Spain, 1289), being a more precise copy of <i>Avot de-Rabbi Nathan</i>, has been used to correct errors in recension <b>B</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBerner2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBerner2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2></div>

<p>The content of the two recensions differ from each other considerably, although the method is the same in both. The separate teachings of the Mishnah Avot are generally taken as texts, which are either briefly explained—the ethical lessons contained therein being supported by reference to <a href="Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a> passages—or fully illustrated by narratives and legends. Sometimes long digressions are made by introducing subjects connected only loosely with the text. This method may be illustrated by the following example: Commenting on the teaching of <a href="Simon_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon the Just">Simon the Just</a> which designates charity as one of the three pillars on which the world rests,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avot de-Rabbi Nathan reads as follows:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>How [does the world rest] on charity? Behold, the <a href="Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> said in the name of the Lord, 'I desired charity [mercy], and not sacrifice.'<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world was created only by charity [mercy], as is said, 'Mercy shall be built up for ever'<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or, as the rabbis translate this passage, 'The world is built on mercy'). Rabbi <a href="Yochanan_ben_Zakai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yochanan ben Zakai">Yochanan ben Zakai</a>, accompanied by R. Joshua, once passed Jerusalem [after its fall]. While looking upon the city and the ruins of the Temple, R. Joshua exclaimed, 'Woe unto us, that the holy place is destroyed which atoned for our sins!' R. Yochanan replied, 'My son, do not grieve on this account, for we have another atonement for our sins; it is charity, as is said, I desired charity, and not sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>The chapters of the two recensions of Avot de-Rabbi Nathan correspond with those of the Mishnah Avot as follows:

</p>

<ul><li>Chapters 1-11 of recension <b>A</b> and chapters 1-23 of recension <b>B</b> correspond with <a href="Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a> 1:1-11, dealing with saying of the <a href="Zugoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zugoth">Zugoth</a>.</li>

<li>Chapters 12-19 of <b>A</b> and chapters 24-29 of <b>B</b> correspond with <a href="Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a> 1:12-18 and chapter 2, dealing with the teachings of <a href="Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel</a>, <a href="Shammai" title="Shammai">Shammai</a>, <a href="Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a> and his disciples</li>

<li>Chapters 20-30 of <b>A</b> and chapters 30-35 of <b>B</b> correspond with <a href="Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a> chapters 3-4, an independent <a href="Mishnaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishnaic">mishnaic</a> collection</li>

<li>Chapters 31-41 of <b>A</b> and chapters 36-48 of <b>B</b> correspond with <a href="Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a> chapter 5, a collection of anonymous statements related by form</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship">Authorship</h2></div>

<table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender; font-size:115%;">Rabbinical eras</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Zugot" title="Zugot">Zugot</a></li>

<li><a href="Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li>

<li><a href="Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li>

<li><a href="Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li>

<li><a href="Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li>

<li><a href="Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><a href="Nathan_the_Babylonian" title="Nathan the Babylonian">Nathan the Babylonian</a>, whose name appears in the title of the work under treatment, cannot possibly have been its only author, since he flourished about the middle of the 2nd century, or a generation prior to the author of the Mishnah. Besides, several authorities are quoted who flourished a long time after R. Nathan; for instance, Rabbi <a href="Joshua_ben_Levi" title="Joshua ben Levi">Joshua ben Levi</a>. The designation "De-Rabbi Nathan" may be explained by the circumstance that R. Nathan is one of the first authorities mentioned in the opening chapter of the work (but not the first, that being <a href="Yose_ha-Galili" class="mw-redirect" title="Yose ha-Galili">Yose ha-Galili</a>). Perhaps the school of the <a href="Tannaim" title="Tannaim">tannaite</a> R. Nathan originated the work, however. Probably due to political differences that Rabbi Nathan had with <a href="Shimon_ben_Gamliel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimon ben Gamliel">Shimon ben Gamliel</a>, Rabbi Nathan's name does not appear in the version of Avot compiled by redactor of the Mishna <a href="Rebbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebbi">Rebbi</a> (the son of the aforementioned Shimon ben Gamliel). However, it is known that Rabbi Nathan made an independent collection (<a href="#CITEREFCashdan1965">Cashdan 1965</a>), and it is possible that Avot de-Rabbi Nathan derives from that source.

</p><p>It is also called <a href="Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> to <a href="Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Avot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two recensions of the work in their present shape evidently have different authors, but who they were cannot be ascertained. Probably they belonged to the period of the <a href="Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a>, between the 8th and 9th centuries.

</p>

<p>Through the majority of the 20th century, it was believed that the ARN dated from the 7th to 9th centuries. However, the work of Saldarini,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which proposed a date close to the compilation of the <a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> in the third century, opened up a range of proposals for dating the text to earlier periods. Today, it is widely acknowledged that there are difficulties in dating the two versions of the ARN<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and current proposals for the date of the text vary within a range of five centuries, roughly from an earliest possible dating to the third century (B is usually the earlier dated one and some believe it predates the <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>), with the latest possible dating roughly in the eighth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2></div>

<ul><li>A <a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> translation of Abot de-Rabbi Nathan was published by Franz Tayler, London, 1654: <i>Tractatus de Patribus Rabbi Nathan Auctore, in Linguam Latinam Translatus</i>.</li>

<li>An English version is given by <a href="M._L._Rodkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="M. L. Rodkinson">M. L. Rodkinson</a> in his translation of the <a href="Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, i. 9, New York, 1900.</li>

<li><i>The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan</i>, translated by Judah Goldin, <a href="Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1955. (reprinted 1990)</li>

<li><i> 'Aboth d'Rabbi Nathan, translated into English with Introduction and Notes</i>, by Eli Cashdan, in <i>The Minor Tractates of the Talmud</i>, Soncino, 1965.</li>

<li><i>Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan: Abot De Rabbi Nathan</i>, Anthony J. Saldarini, Brill Academic, 1975.</li>

<li><i>The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan</i>, <a href="Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Jacob Neusner</a>, University of South Florida Press, 1986.</li>

<li><i>Avos deRabbi Nassan</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artscroll.com/Books/9781422618752.html">Mesorah Publications Limited</a>, 2017.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h2></div>

<p>Schechter gives the commentaries to Avot de-Rabbi Nathan in his edition.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emendations were made by Benjamin Motal.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commentaries have been written by Eliezer Lipman of <a href="Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a>, <a href="Zolkiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Zolkiev">Zolkiev</a>, 1723; by Elijah ben Abraham with notes by the <a href="Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Abraham Witmand,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by Joshua Falk Lisser.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lisser's edition is reprinted in the Vilna <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFCashdan1965">Cashdan 1965</a>)</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBerner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Berner, Christoph (2011). "Quotations from Avot de Rabbi Nathan B in MS Oxford (Bodleiana) Heb. c. 24". <i>Jewish Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>18</b> (3). Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG: <span class="nowrap">217–</span>265. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2F094457011797248462">10.1628/094457011797248462</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41289143">41289143</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a> 1:2</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a> 6:6</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> 89:3</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recension <b>A</b>, chapter 4</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Horowitz, <i>Uralte Toseftas,</i> 1:6, <a href="Frankfort-on-the-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfort-on-the-Main">Frankfort-on-the-Main</a>, 1889; Brüll's <i>Jahrbücher,</i> 9:139 et seq.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSaldarini1975" class="citation book cs1">Saldarini, A.J. (1975). <i>The Fathers according to Rabbi Nathan (Abot de Rabbi Nathan), Version B: A translation and commentary</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReuling2006" class="citation book cs1">Reuling, Hanneke (2006). <i>After Eden: church fathers and rabbis on Genesis 3:16-21</i>. Jewish and Christian perspectives series. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">280–</span>281, esp. n. 7. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-14638-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoldin1972" class="citation book cs1">Goldin, Judah (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43907454"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">985–</span>986.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKister1998" class="citation book cs1">Kister, Menahem (1998). <i>Studies in Avot de-Rabbi Nathan: text, redaction and interpretation</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">217–</span>222.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFishbaneGoldscheiderLightstone2021" class="citation book cs1">Fishbane, Simcha; Goldscheider, Calvin; Lightstone, Jack N. (2021). <i>Exploring Mishnah's world(s): social scientific approaches</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 195, n. 27. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-53573-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solomon Schechter, <i>Abot de-Rabbi Nathan</i>, Vienna, 1887; 27 et seq.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his collectanea, called Tummat Yesharim (Venice, 1622).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilna</a>, 1833</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ahabat Ḥesed</i>, Amsterdam, 1777</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Binyan Yehoshua</i>, <a href="Dyhernfurth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyhernfurth">Dyhernfurth</a>, 1788</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCashdan1965" class="citation cs2">Cashdan, Eli (1965), "Introduction", in A. Cohen (ed.), <i>The Minor Tractates of the Talmud: Massektoth Ketannoth, Volume I</i>, London: <a href="Soncino_Press" title="Soncino Press">Soncino Press</a></cite>.</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Abot de-Rabbi Nathan". <i><a href="The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite>. The JE cites the following works

<ul><li><a href="Leopold_Zunz" title="Leopold Zunz">Leopold Zunz</a>, <i>Gottesdienstliche Vorträge der Juden,</i>, 1st ed., pp. 108 et seq.;</li>

<li>Solomon Taussig, <i>Neweh Shalom I</i>, Munich, 1872, in which pamphlet a part of Abot de-Rabbi Nathan, recension B, was for the first time published, according to a manuscript of the Munich Library;</li>

<li><a href="Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Solomon Schechter</a>, <i>Abot de-Rabbi Nathan,</i> Vienna, 1887;</li>

<li><i>Monatsschrift</i>, 1887, pp. 374–383;</li>

<li><a href="Moritz_Steinschneider" title="Moritz Steinschneider">Moritz Steinschneider</a>, <i>Hebr. Bibl.</i> xii. 75 et seq.</li>

<li>Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 2034;</li>

<li><a href="Isaac_ben_Jacob_Benjacob" title="Isaac ben Jacob Benjacob">Isaac ben Jacob Benjacob</a>, <i>Oẓar ha-Sefarim</i>, p. 654.</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Avot-de-Rabbi-Natan-Schechter-1887-HB38247.pdf" class="extiw external" title="commons:File:Avot-de-Rabbi-Natan-Schechter-1887-HB38247.pdf"><i>Avot de-Rabbi Natan</i>, Schechter edition (Vienna, 1887)</a> (full original text of both versions, with introduction and scholarly notes)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=355&letter=A">Jewish Encyclopedia article for Avot of Rabbi Nathan</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831042327/http://www.tsel.org/torah/avotrnatan/index.html">Full Hebrew text of Avot of Rabbi Natan</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27698320">Latin translation of Avot of Rabbi Nathan</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q791312#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata759" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q791312#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata759" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/176199391">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/13026">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258168205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615915906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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